<div class="grid-area-1-1 z-[1] mt-[1em]">Review of Essential Concepts and Definitions</div>
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<div class="grid-area-1-1 z-[1] mt-[0.75em]">The three parts of the respiratory system</div>
<p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">The respiratory system can be conceptually separated into three parts: the <strong class="font-bold">controller</strong>, the ventilatory <strong class="font-bold">pump</strong>, and the gas <strong class="font-bold">exchanger</strong> (<a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://www.amazon.com/Respiratory-Physiology-Clinical-Approach-Integrated/dp/0781757487/">Schwartzstein and Parker, Respiratory Physiology: A Clinical Approach</a>). The controller regulates the respiratory rate (RR) and the depth (tidal volume) of breathing. The ventilatory pump includes the neuromuscular apparatus for breathing as well as the airways, and serves to move air from the mouth to the alveoli and back. The gas exchanger describes the alveolar-capillary interface, and allows for the diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood. Together, the three parts of the respiratory system perform the two main functions of oxygenation and mechanical ventilation (<a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/medicalschool/departments/medicine/intmed/imrp/CURRICULUM/Documents/Mechanical%20ventilation%20review.pdf">UC Denver</a>).</p>
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<p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl min-h-[1lh] flip-heading-hash [&amp;:is(h2)&gt;div]:mt-0 [&amp;:is(h3)&gt;div]:mt-0 [&amp;:is(h4)&gt;div]:mt-0" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0;--tw-border-spacing-y: 0;--tw-translate-x: 0;--tw-translate-y: 0;--tw-rotate: 0;--tw-skew-x: 0;--tw-skew-y: 0;--tw-scale-x: 1;--tw-scale-y: 1;--tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity;--tw-ring-offset-width: 0px;--tw-ring-offset-color: #fff;--tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000;--tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000;--tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000;--tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000;border: 0px solid #e5e7eb;margin: 0px auto;min-height: 1lh;width: 740px;max-width: 48rem">Oxygenation: getting O2 into the body</p>
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<p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl min-h-[1lh] flip-heading-hash [&amp;:is(h2)&gt;div]:mt-0 [&amp;:is(h3)&gt;div]:mt-0 [&amp;:is(h4)&gt;div]:mt-0" style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0;--tw-border-spacing-y: 0;--tw-translate-x: 0;--tw-translate-y: 0;--tw-rotate: 0;--tw-skew-x: 0;--tw-skew-y: 0;--tw-scale-x: 1;--tw-scale-y: 1;--tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity;--tw-ring-offset-width: 0px;--tw-ring-offset-color: #fff;--tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 #0000;--tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 #0000;--tw-shadow: 0 0 #0000;--tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 #0000;border: 0px solid #e5e7eb;margin: 0px auto;min-height: 1lh;width: 740px;max-width: 48rem">Ventilation: getting CO2 out of the body</p>
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<div class="grid-area-1-1 z-[1] mt-[0.75em]">Who requires mechanical ventilation?</div>
<p class="w-full mx-auto decoration-primary/6 max-w-3xl page-api-block:ml-0">There are several indications for mechanical ventilation (<a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/critical-care-medicine/respiratory-failure-and-mechanical-ventilation/overview-of-mechanical-ventilation">Merck Manuals</a>). In general, patients who cannot perform adequate oxygenation or ventilation on their own (respiratory failure from conditions such as ARDS, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, COPD, asthma), as well as patients who cannot maintain a patent airway, should be considered for mechanical ventilation (<a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://www.nursingcenter.com/getattachment/Clinical-Resources/nursing-pocket-cards/Mechanical-Ventilation-Settings-and-Basic-Modes/Mechanical-Ventilation-Settings-and-Basic-Modes-Tip-Card_January-2019.pdf.aspx">Lippincott</a>; <a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/critical-care-medicine/respiratory-failure-and-mechanical-ventilation/overview-of-mechanical-ventilation">Merck Manuals</a>). Ventilatory assistance can be provided using either a non-invasive route (e.g. CPAP, NIPPV) or an invasive route requiring endotracheal intubation (mechanical ventilation) depending on the clinical situation (<a class="underline underline-offset-2 text-primary hover:text-primary-700 transition-colors " href="https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/critical-care-medicine/respiratory-failure-and-mechanical-ventilation/overview-of-mechanical-ventilation">Merck Manuals</a>).</p>